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The input hypothesis, also known as the monitor model, is a group of five hypotheses of second-language acquisition developed by the linguist Stephen Krashen in the 1970s and 1980s. Krashen originally formulated the input hypothesis as just one of the five hypotheses, but over time the term has come to refer to the five hypotheses as a group. The hypotheses are the input hypothesis, the acquisition–learning hypothesis, the monitor hypothesis, the natural order hypothesis and the affective filter hypothesis. The input hypothesis was first published in 1977. The hypotheses put primary importance on the comprehensible input (CI) that language learners are exposed to. Understanding spoken and written language input is seen as the only mechanism that results in the increase of underlying linguistic competence, and language output is not seen as having any effect on learners' ability. Furthermore, Krashen claimed that linguistic competence is only advanced when language is subconsciously ''acquired'', and that conscious ''learning'' cannot be used as a source of spontaneous language production. Finally, learning is seen to be heavily dependent on the mood of the learner, with learning being impaired if the learner is under stress or does not want to learn the language. Krashen's hypotheses have been influential in language education, particularly in the United States, but have received criticism from some academics. Two of the main criticisms are that the hypotheses are untestable, and that they assume a degree of separation between ''acquisition'' and ''learning'' that has not been proven to exist. == Outline == The five hypotheses that Krashen proposed are as follows: * The ''input hypothesis''. This states that learners progress in their knowledge of the language when they comprehend language input that is slightly more advanced than their current level. Krashen called this level of input "i+1", where "i" is the learner's interlanguage and "+1" is the next stage of language acquisition. * The ''acquisition–learning hypothesis'' claims that there is a strict separation between ''acquisition'' and ''learning''; Krashen saw acquisition as a purely subconscious process and learning as a conscious process, and claimed that improvement in language ability was only dependent upon acquisition and never on learning. * The ''monitor hypothesis'' states that consciously learned language can only be used to ''monitor'' language output; it can never be the source of spontaneous speech. * The ''natural order hypothesis'' states that language is acquired in a particular order, and that this order does not change between learners, and is not affected by explicit instruction. * The ''affective filter hypothesis''. This states that learners' ability to acquire language is constrained if they are experiencing negative emotions such as fear or embarrassment. At such times the affective filter is said to be "up". If ''i'' represents previously acquired linguistic competence and extra-linguistic knowledge, the hypothesis claims that we move from ''i'' to ''i+1'' by understanding input that contains ''i+1''. Extra-linguistic knowledge includes our knowledge of the world and of the situation, that is, the context. The ''+1'' represents new knowledge or language structures that we should be ready to acquire.〔Krashen, S. (2003). ''Explorations in Language Acquisition and Use''. Portsmouth: Heinemann.〕 The comprehensible input hypothesis can be restated in terms of the natural order hypothesis. For example, if we acquire the rules of language in a linear order (1, 2, 3...), then ''i'' represents the last rule or language form learned, and ''i+1'' is the next structure that should be learned.〔Seek information on the acquisition-learning hypothesis to learn more about the differentiations between learning and acquisition〕 It must be stressed, however, that just any input is not sufficient; the input received must be comprehensible.〔 According to Krashen, there are three corollaries to his theory. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Input hypothesis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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